Vitamin E
Vitamin E
Snapshot
Vitamin E is a family of fat‑soluble antioxidants—including tocopherols and tocotrienols—that protect cell membranes from oxidative damage, support immune function, and maintain skin and eye health.
What is Vitamin E?
Vitamin E refers to eight naturally occurring compounds: four tocopherols (alpha, beta, gamma, delta) and four tocotrienols with unsaturated side chains. Alpha‑tocopherol is the most biologically active form in humans, acting as a chain‑breaking antioxidant within lipid membranes.
Where It Comes From
Dietary sources include vegetable oils (sunflower, safflower, wheat germ), nuts (almonds, hazelnuts), seeds, and green leafy vegetables. Supplements typically provide d‑alpha‑tocopherol or mixed tocopherols in oil‑based softgels or capsules.
Key Nutrients & Compounds
Provides alpha‑tocopherol, which neutralizes lipid peroxyl radicals, along with gamma‑ and delta‑tocopherols and tocotrienols that offer complementary antioxidant and anti‑inflammatory actions.
Health Benefits
Vitamin E safeguards polyunsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes from peroxidation; supports immune cell function and proliferation; helps prevent oxidation of LDL cholesterol, promoting cardiovascular health; and contributes to skin barrier integrity by mitigating UV‑induced damage.
Recommended Dosage
The adult Recommended Dietary Allowance is 15 mg (22.4 IU) of alpha‑tocopherol per day. Supplementation typically ranges from 100 IU to 400 IU daily for antioxidant support, with an upper limit of 1,000 mg/day (1,500 IU) to minimize bleeding risk.
How to Use It
Take Vitamin E supplements with a meal containing dietary fat to optimize absorption. Mixed‑tocopherol formulations can be taken once daily. Monitor total intake from diet and supplements to remain within safe limits.
Who Should Use It?
Individuals with low dietary intake of nuts and oils, those under increased oxidative stress (e.g., smokers, athletes), patients with malabsorption syndromes, and those seeking skin support may benefit from supplementation.
Possible Interactions or Cautions
High‑dose Vitamin E can antagonize vitamin K–dependent clotting factors, increasing bleeding risk—caution in those on anticoagulants. Excessive supplementation may blunt beneficial adaptations to exercise‑induced oxidative stress.
Final Thoughts
Vitamin E is a critical lipid‑soluble antioxidant that preserves cellular integrity and supports vascular and immune health. Balanced dietary consumption and moderate supplementation optimize benefits while minimizing risks.
Scientific Studies
Traber MG, Atkinson J. Vitamin E, antioxidant and nothing more. Free Radic Biol Med. 2007;43(1):4–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2007.03.024
Meydani SN, et al. Vitamin E and immune response in elderly subjects. I. Effects on T cell‑mediated function. J Clin Invest. 1990;90(6):2143–2150. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI116173
Stampfer MJ, et al. Vitamin E consumption and the risk of coronary disease in women. N Engl J Med. 1993;328(20):1444–1449. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199305203282003